A Conceptual Analysis of the Scientific Method: Assessing the Distinction Between Method and Methodology in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) Research

Abstract

Islamic Religious Education (PAI) plays an essential role in shaping students’ character and morality. However, in practice, research in the field of PAI is often still limited to approaches that are overly normative and dogmatic, leaving little room for dialogue with dynamic social realities. One of the root problems that frequently arises among academics is conceptual confusion in distinguishing between method and methodology, as these two terms are often used interchangeably. Consequently, the validity and quality of PAI research designs are compromised. This study aims to conceptually analyze the fundamental differences between methods and methodology, while also formulating their hierarchical relationship using a literature review (library research) design. Based on an analysis of the literature on methodology by Indonesian experts and relevant journals, it is concluded that methodology serves as the philosophical foundation or “architect” of a study, whereas a method is a technical, operational tool that carries out data collection in the field. A structured understanding of both is absolutely necessary so that PAI research is not merely technically sound but also has a strong epistemological foundation.